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Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past

Frontiers in immunology, 2020-08, Vol.11, p.1949-1949 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Copyright © 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay. ;Copyright © 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay. 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay ;ISSN: 1664-3224 ;EISSN: 1664-3224 ;DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 ;PMID: 32849654

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Title:
Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past
Author: Shah, Vibhuti Kumar ; Firmal, Priyanka ; Alam, Aftab ; Ganguly, Dipyaman ; Chattopadhyay, Samit
Subjects: Animals ; Antigen Presentation - immunology ; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use ; Betacoronavirus - chemistry ; Betacoronavirus - genetics ; coronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections - drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections - immunology ; Coronavirus Infections - virology ; COVID-19 ; Cytokines - biosynthesis ; Genome, Viral ; HLA ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; immune response ; Immunization, Passive - methods ; Immunology ; MHC presentation ; Mice ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - chemistry ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - genetics ; Pandemics ; Phylogeny ; Pneumonia, Viral - drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral - immunology ; Pneumonia, Viral - virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - drug therapy ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - virology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus - chemistry ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus - genetics ; T cells ; T-Lymphocytes - immunology ; Virus Replication
Is Part Of: Frontiers in immunology, 2020-08, Vol.11, p.1949-1949
Description: After the 1918 flu pandemic, the world is again facing a similar situation. However, the advancement in medical science has made it possible to identify that the novel infectious agent is from the coronavirus family. Rapid genome sequencing by various groups helped in identifying the structure and function of the virus, its immunogenicity in diverse populations, and potential preventive measures. Coronavirus attacks the respiratory system, causing pneumonia and lymphopenia in infected individuals. Viral components like spike and nucleocapsid proteins trigger an immune response in the host to eliminate the virus. These viral antigens can be either recognized by the B cells or presented by MHC complexes to the T cells, resulting in antibody production, increased cytokine secretion, and cytolytic activity in the acute phase of infection. Genetic polymorphism in MHC enables it to present some of the T cell epitopes very well over the other MHC alleles. The association of MHC alleles and its downregulated expression has been correlated with disease severity against influenza and coronaviruses. Studies have reported that infected individuals can, after recovery, induce strong protective responses by generating a memory T-cell pool against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. These memory T cells were not persistent in the long term and, upon reactivation, caused local damage due to cross-reactivity. So far, the reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, which is highly contagious, shows related symptoms in three different stages and develops an exhaustive T-cell pool at higher loads of viral infection. As there are no specific treatments available for this novel coronavirus, numerous small molecular drugs that are being used for the treatment of diseases like SARS, MERS, HIV, ebola, malaria, and tuberculosis are being given to COVID-19 patients, and clinical trials for many such drugs have already begun. A classical immunotherapy of convalescent plasma transfusion from recovered patients has also been initiated for the neutralization of viremia in terminally ill COVID-19 patients. Due to the limitations of plasma transfusion, researchers are now focusing on developing neutralizing antibodies against virus particles along with immuno-modulation of cytokines like IL-6, Type I interferons (IFNs), and TNF-α that could help in combating the infection. This review highlights the similarities of the coronaviruses that caused SARS and MERS to the novel SARS-CoV-2 in relation to their pathogenicity and immunogenicity and also focuses on various treatment strategies that could be employed for curing COVID-19.
Publisher: Switzerland: Frontiers Media S.A
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 1664-3224
EISSN: 1664-3224
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949
PMID: 32849654
Source: GFMER Free Medical Journals
MEDLINE
PubMed Central
ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals

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Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past

Copyright © 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay. ;Copyright © 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay. 2020 Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly and Chattopadhyay ;ISSN: 1664-3224 ;EISSN: 1664-3224 ;DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 ;PMID: 32849654

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