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The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code

International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-08, Vol.24 (15), p.12029 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG ;2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;2023 by the authors. 2023 ;ISSN: 1422-0067 ;ISSN: 1661-6596 ;EISSN: 1422-0067 ;DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512029 ;PMID: 37569405

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  • Title:
    The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code
  • Author: Rosandić, Marija ; Paar, Vladimir
  • Subjects: Amino acids ; Chargaff’s first parity rule ; Chromosomes ; Classification ; Codon ; DNA ; DNA quadruplet symmetry ; Energy conservation ; Evolution ; Evolutionary biology ; Genetic code ; genetic code evolution ; genetic code symmetry ; Genetic research ; Genomes ; Hydrogen bonds ; Parity ; Review ; standard genetic code table ; supersymmetry genetic code table ; Symmetry ; Watson, J.D
  • Is Part Of: International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-08, Vol.24 (15), p.12029
  • Description: Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson-Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons' relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson-Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system.
  • Publisher: Switzerland: MDPI AG
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 1422-0067
    ISSN: 1661-6596
    EISSN: 1422-0067
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512029
    PMID: 37569405
  • Source: PubMed Central
    ProQuest Central
    DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
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