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Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet (British edition), 2022-06, Vol.399 (10341), p.2129-2154 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license ;Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. ;2022. The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (theLicense”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license 2022 ;ISSN: 0140-6736 ;EISSN: 1474-547X ;DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00532-3 ;PMID: 35617980

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Title:
Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Author: Haakenstad, Annie ; Bintz, Corinne ; Zheng, Peng ; Gupta, Vin ; Al-Aly, Ziyad ; Alam, Khurshid ; Alanzi, Turki M ; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T ; Aremu, Olatunde ; Ayanore, Martin Amogre ; Banach, Maciej ; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried ; Bayati, Mohsen ; Bijani, Ali ; Biondi, Antonio ; Busse, Reinhard ; Cámera, Luis Alberto ; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R ; Carvalho, Felix ; Chu, Dinh-Toi ; Dandona, Rakhi ; Daryani, Ahmad ; Dhimal, Meghnath ; Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi ; Djalalinia, Shirin ; Doshi, Chirag P ; El Tantawi, Maha ; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich ; Fukumoto, Takeshi ; Fullman, Nancy ; Gad, Mohamed M ; Ghadiri, Keyghobad ; Ghafourifard, Mansour ; Glucksman, Thomas ; Goudarzi, Houman ; Gupta, Rajat Das ; Haro, Josep Maria ; Hasanpoor, Edris ; Heibati, Behzad ; Henry, Nathaniel J ; Hole, Michael K ; Hossain, Naznin ; Househ, Mowafa ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad-Hasan ; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful ; Joshi, Ankur ; Kayode, Gbenga A ; Kisa, Adnan ; Kochhar, Sonali ; Krishan, Kewal ; Lami, Faris Hasan ; Leasher, Janet L ; LeGrand, Kate E ; Majeed, Azeem ; Maleki, Afshin ; Manjunatha, Narayana ; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard ; Mirica, Andreea ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M ; Mohammad, Yousef ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Mokdad, Ali H ; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina ; Ngunjiri, Josephine W ; Nigatu, Yeshambel T ; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V ; Otstavnov, Nikita ; Pakhare, Abhijit P ; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino ; Pigott, David M ; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan ; Rabiee, Mohammad ; Rawal, Lal ; Renzaho, Andre M N ; Rickard, Jennifer ; Sanabria, Juan ; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer ; Serván-Mori, Edson ; Shaikh, Masood Ali ; Sheikh, Aziz ; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos ; Stein, Caroline ; Stein, Dan J ; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto ; Valdez, Pascual R ; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani ; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy ; Vlassov, Vasily ; Vos, Theo ; Yearwood, Jamal Akeem ; Yonemoto, Naohiro ; Yu, Chuanhua ; Zadey, Siddhesh ; Zaman, Sojib Bin ; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu ; Ziapour, Arash ; Zodpey, Sanjay ; Lim, Stephen S ; Lozano, Rafael
Subjects: Charities ; COVID-19 ; Data exchange ; Density ; Dentistry ; Estimates ; Gaussian process ; Health risks ; Human resources ; International standardization ; Medical personnel ; Midwifery ; Nurses ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Pandemics ; Personnel ; Pharmaceuticals ; Physicians ; Population ; Public health ; Regression models ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Shortages ; Stochasticity ; Sustainable development ; Thresholds ; Time series ; Workers ; Workforce
Is Part Of: The Lancet (British edition), 2022-06, Vol.399 (10341), p.2129-2154
Description: Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable cross-national estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c.1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workforce density thresholds required to meet a specified target of 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, and quantified national shortages with respect to those minimum thresholds. We estimated that, in 2019, the world had 104·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–128·0) health workers, including 12·8 million (9·7–16·6) physicians, 29·8 million (23·3–37·7) nurses and midwives, 4·6 million (3·6–6·0) dentistry personnel, and 5·2 million (4·0–6·7) pharmaceutical personnel. We calculated a global physician density of 16·7 (12·6–21·6) per 10 000 population, and a nurse and midwife density of 38·6 (30·1–48·8) per 10 000 population. We found the GBD super-regions of sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and north Africa and the Middle East had the lowest HRH densities. To reach 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, we estimated that, per 10 000 population, at least 20·7 physicians, 70·6 nurses and midwives, 8·2 dentistry personnel, and 9·4 pharmaceutical personnel would be needed. In total, the 2019 national health workforces fell short of these minimum thresholds by 6·4 million physicians, 30·6 million nurses and midwives, 3·3 million dentistry personnel, and 2·9 million pharmaceutical personnel. Considerable expansion of the world's health workforce is needed to achieve high levels of UHC effective coverage. The largest shortages are in low-income settings, highlighting the need for increased financing and coordination to train, employ, and retain human resources in the health sector. Actual HRH shortages might be larger than estimated because minimum thresholds for each cadre of health workers are benchmarked on health systems that most efficiently translate human resources into UHC attainment. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Publisher: England: Elsevier Ltd
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 0140-6736
EISSN: 1474-547X
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00532-3
PMID: 35617980
Source: ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central

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Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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