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Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions

Nature reviews cardiology, 2021-03, Vol.18 (3), p.169-193 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

COPYRIGHT 2021 Nature Publishing Group ;Springer Nature Limited 2020. ;Springer Nature Limited 2020 ;ISSN: 1759-5002 ;EISSN: 1759-5010 ;DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x ;PMID: 33046850

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Title:
Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions
Author: Tschöpe, Carsten ; Ammirati, Enrico ; Bozkurt, Biykem ; Caforio, Alida L P ; Cooper, Leslie T ; Felix, Stephan B ; Hare, Joshua M ; Heidecker, Bettina ; Heymans, Stephane ; Hübner, Norbert ; Kelle, Sebastian ; Klingel, Karin ; Maatz, Henrike ; Parwani, Abdul S ; Spillmann, Frank ; Starling, Randall C ; Tsutsui, Hiroyuki ; Seferovic, Petar ; Van Linthout, Sophie
Subjects: Animals ; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use ; Autoimmunity ; Autoimmunity - immunology ; Biopsy ; Cardiomyopathies - diagnosis ; Cardiomyopathies - immunology ; Cardiomyopathies - physiopathology ; Cardiomyopathies - therapy ; Cardiomyopathy ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Cardiovascular research ; Care and treatment ; Complications and side effects ; Coronavirus Infections - immunology ; Coronavirus Infections - physiopathology ; Coronavirus Infections - therapy ; COVID-19 - physiopathology ; COVID-19 - therapy ; Coxsackievirus Infections - immunology ; Coxsackievirus Infections - physiopathology ; Coxsackievirus Infections - therapy ; Cytomegalovirus Infections - immunology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections - physiopathology ; Cytomegalovirus Infections - therapy ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Echovirus Infections - immunology ; Echovirus Infections - physiopathology ; Echovirus Infections - therapy ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - immunology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - physiopathology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - therapy ; Erythema Infectiosum - immunology ; Erythema Infectiosum - physiopathology ; Erythema Infectiosum - therapy ; Heart failure ; Hepatitis C - immunology ; Hepatitis C - physiopathology ; Hepatitis C - therapy ; HIV Infections - physiopathology ; Host-virus relationships ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous - therapeutic use ; Immunologic Factors - therapeutic use ; Inflammation - diagnosis ; Inflammation - immunology ; Inflammation - physiopathology ; Inflammation - therapy ; Influenza, Human - immunology ; Influenza, Human - physiopathology ; Influenza, Human - therapy ; Leukocytes - immunology ; Medical diagnosis ; Myocarditis ; Myocarditis - diagnosis ; Myocarditis - immunology ; Myocarditis - physiopathology ; Myocarditis - therapy ; Myocardium - pathology ; Pathogenesis ; Prognosis ; Review ; Roseolovirus Infections - immunology ; Roseolovirus Infections - physiopathology ; Roseolovirus Infections - therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - physiopathology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - therapy ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; Ventricular Remodeling ; Viral infections ; Viral Tropism ; Virus diseases ; Virus Diseases - immunology ; Virus Diseases - physiopathology ; Virus Diseases - therapy ; Viruses
Is Part Of: Nature reviews cardiology, 2021-03, Vol.18 (3), p.169-193
Description: Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium and a high risk of deteriorating cardiac function, has a heterogeneous aetiology. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is predominantly mediated by viral infection, but can also be induced by bacterial, protozoal or fungal infections as well as a wide variety of toxic substances and drugs and systemic immune-mediated diseases. Despite extensive research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or arrhythmia is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the reason why some patients recover without residual myocardial injury whereas others develop dilated cardiomyopathy is unclear. The relative roles of the pathogen, host genomics and environmental factors in disease progression and healing are still under discussion, including which viruses are active inducers and which are only bystanders. As a consequence, treatment strategies are not well established. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on virus-induced and virus-associated myocarditis. Furthermore, we identify knowledge gaps, appraise the available experimental models and propose future directions for the field. The current knowledge and open questions regarding the cardiovascular effects associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are also discussed. This Review is the result of scientific cooperation of members of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, the Heart Failure Society of America and the Japanese Heart Failure Society.
Publisher: England: Nature Publishing Group
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 1759-5002
EISSN: 1759-5010
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
PMID: 33046850
Source: MEDLINE
ProQuest Central

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Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions

COPYRIGHT 2021 Nature Publishing Group ;Springer Nature Limited 2020. ;Springer Nature Limited 2020 ;ISSN: 1759-5002 ;EISSN: 1759-5010 ;DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x ;PMID: 33046850

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