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Does observability affect prosociality?

Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences, 2018-03, Vol.285 (1875), p.20180116-20180116 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

2018 The Authors. ;Copyright The Royal Society Publishing Mar 28, 2018 ;2018 The Authors. 2018 ;ISSN: 0962-8452 ;EISSN: 1471-2954 ;DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0116 ;PMID: 29593114

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  • Title:
    Does observability affect prosociality?
  • Author: Bradley, Alex ; Lawrence, Claire ; Ferguson, Eamonn
  • Subjects: Boundary conditions ; Competitive Altruism ; Computer & video games ; Confidence intervals ; Cost Signalling Theory ; Empirical analysis ; Indirect Reciprocity ; Moderators ; Observability (systems) ; Prosocial ; Review ; Review Articles ; Statistical analysis ; Visibility
  • Is Part Of: Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences, 2018-03, Vol.285 (1875), p.20180116-20180116
  • Description: The observation of behaviour is a key theoretical parameter underlying a number of models of prosociality. However, the empirical findings showing the effect of observability on prosociality are mixed. In this meta-analysis, we explore the boundary conditions that may account for this variability, by exploring key theoretical and methodological moderators of this link. We identified 117 papers yielding 134 study level effects (total n = 788 164) and found a small but statistically significant, positive association between observability and prosociality (r = 0.141, 95% confidence interval = 0.106, 0.175). Moderator analysis showed that observability produced stronger effects on prosociality: (i) in the presence of passive observers (i.e. people whose role was to only observe participants) versus perceptions of being watched, (ii) when participants’ decisions were consequential (versus non-consequential), (iii) when the studies were performed in the laboratory (as opposed to in the field/online), (iv) when the studies used repeated measures (instead of single games), and (v) when the studies involved social dilemmas (instead of bargaining games). These effects show the conditions under which observability effects on prosociality will be maximally observed. We describe the theoretical and practical significance of these results.
  • Publisher: England: The Royal Society
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 0962-8452
    EISSN: 1471-2954
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0116
    PMID: 29593114
  • Source: PubMed Central (Open access)
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