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The emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study

PloS one, 2019-04, Vol.14 (4), p.e0213060-e0213060 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science ;COPYRIGHT 2019 Public Library of Science ;2019 Corazza et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;2019 Corazza et al 2019 Corazza et al ;ISSN: 1932-6203 ;EISSN: 1932-6203 ;DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213060 ;PMID: 30943200

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Title:
The emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study
Author: Corazza, Ornella ; Simonato, Pierluigi ; Demetrovics, Zsolt ; Mooney, Roisin ; van de Ven, Katinka ; Roman-Urrestarazu, Andres ; Rácmolnár, Lili ; De Luca, Ilaria ; Cinosi, Eduardo ; Santacroce, Rita ; Marini, Massimo ; Wellsted, David ; Sullivan, Keith ; Bersani, Giuseppe ; Martinotti, Giovanni
Annunziato, Rachel A.
Subjects: Addiction ; Addictions ; Addictive behaviors ; Adult ; Anxieties ; Anxiety ; Anxiety - epidemiology ; Anxiety - psychology ; Behavior, Addictive - epidemiology ; Behavior, Addictive - psychology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body dysmorphic disorder ; Body Dysmorphic Disorders - epidemiology ; Body Dysmorphic Disorders - psychology ; Body Image - psychology ; Clinical psychology ; Consultation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Disorders ; Drug addiction ; Exercise ; Exercise - psychology ; Exercise addiction ; Female ; Fitness ; Fitness Centers - statistics & numerical data ; Health aspects ; Health care ; Humans ; Hungary - epidemiology ; Illegal drugs ; Italy - epidemiology ; Male ; Medical consultation ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental disorders ; Netherlands - epidemiology ; Neurosciences ; Nutrition research ; People and places ; Personal appearance ; Physical fitness ; Physical Sciences ; Psychological aspects ; Public health ; Regression models ; Risk factors ; Sampling methods ; Self esteem ; Self image ; Social research ; Social Sciences ; Systematic review ; United Kingdom - epidemiology ; Young Adult
Is Part Of: PloS one, 2019-04, Vol.14 (4), p.e0213060-e0213060
Description: In a society that perpetuates the strive for a perfect appearance, a fit body has become synonymous with success, but simultaneously hard to achieve. This represents a fertile ground for the development of Exercise Addiction (EA) alongside other disorders, such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). This study aims to explore the diffusion of EA in fitness settings in the United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Hungary and the previously unexplored association with appearance anxiety, BDD, self-esteem and the use of fitness supplements. A large cross-sectional sample (N = 1711) was surveyed in fitness settings using the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) and Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale (RSE) in addition to questions surrounding the use of fitness supplements. Compulsive exercise, appearance anxiety and low self-esteem were present in this sample according to the psychometric measures used (EAI, AAI, RSE). 11.7% scored over the cut off for EA, with alarming peaks in the Netherlands (20.9%) and the United Kingdom (16.1%). 38.5% were found at risk of BDD, mainly female (47.2%). 39.8% used fitness enhancing supplements without medical consultation (95.5%). This cohort of supplement users scored higher in both EAI and AAI. The logistic regression model revealed a strong association between the consumption of sport products and the level of EA across the sample with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.03. Other co-variable factors among female were appearance anxiety (AAI; OR 1.59) and to a lesser extent self-esteem (RSE) (OR 1.08). This study identified a high risk of EA, appearance anxiety and BDD amongst a cohort of gym users internationally. The previously-unexplored association between these disorders and the unsupervised use of a variety of fitness products, including illicit drugs, highlights the need for informed and integrated responses targeting such vulnerable individuals.
Publisher: United States: Public Library of Science
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 1932-6203
EISSN: 1932-6203
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
PMID: 30943200
Source: Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access
Geneva Foundation Free Medical Journals at publisher websites
MEDLINE
PubMed Central
ProQuest Central
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals

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The emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study

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