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The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds

Nutrients, 2015-08, Vol.7 (9), p.7312-7331 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Copyright MDPI AG 2015 ;2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2015 ;ISSN: 2072-6643 ;EISSN: 2072-6643 ;DOI: 10.3390/nu7095340 ;PMID: 26404364

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Title:
The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds
Author: Silanikove, Nissim ; Leitner, Gabriel ; Merin, Uzi
Subjects: Animals ; calcium ; dairy products ; Dairy Products - adverse effects ; Dairy Products - history ; Diet - adverse effects ; Diet - history ; Diet - trends ; Evolution, Molecular ; Food Industry - history ; Food Industry - trends ; Food Labeling ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Lactase - genetics ; Lactase - metabolism ; lactose intolerance ; Lactose Intolerance - diet therapy ; Lactose Intolerance - enzymology ; Lactose Intolerance - epidemiology ; Lactose Intolerance - genetics ; Lactose Intolerance - history ; milk ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Review ; Risk Factors
Is Part Of: Nutrients, 2015-08, Vol.7 (9), p.7312-7331
Description: Humans learned to exploit ruminants as a source of milk about 10,000 years ago. Since then, the use of domesticated ruminants as a source of milk and dairy products has expanded until today when the dairy industry has become one of the largest sectors in the modern food industry, including the spread at the present time to countries such as China and Japan. This review analyzes the reasons for this expansion and flourishing. As reviewed in detail, milk has numerous nutritional advantages, most important being almost an irreplaceable source of dietary calcium, hence justifying the effort required to increase its consumption. On the other hand, widespread lactose intolerance among the adult population is a considerable drawback to dairy-based foods consumption. Over the centuries, three factors allowed humans to overcome limitations imposed by lactose intolerance: (i) mutations, which occurred in particular populations, most notably in the north European Celtic societies and African nomads, in which carriers of the lactose intolerance gene converted from being lactose intolerant to lactose tolerant; (ii) the ability to develop low-lactose products such as cheese and yogurt; and (iii) colon microbiome adaptation, which allow lactose intolerant individuals to overcome its intolerance. However, in a few examples in the last decade, modern dairy products, such as the popular and widespread bio-cultured yogurts, were suspected to be unsuitable for lactose intolerant peoples. In addition, the use of lactose and milk-derived products containing lactose in non-dairy products has become widespread. For these reasons, it is concluded that it might be important and helpful to label food that may contain lactose because such information will allow lactose intolerant groups to control lactose intake within the physiological limitations of ~12 g per a single meal.
Publisher: Switzerland: MDPI AG
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 2072-6643
EISSN: 2072-6643
DOI: 10.3390/nu7095340
PMID: 26404364
Source: Freely Accessible Journals
Open Access: PubMed Central
AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
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The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds

Copyright MDPI AG 2015 ;2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2015 ;ISSN: 2072-6643 ;EISSN: 2072-6643 ;DOI: 10.3390/nu7095340 ;PMID: 26404364

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