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Applying micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive characterization of coating and coating pigments on ancient Chinese papers

Heritage science, 2020-02, Vol.8 (1), p.1-16, Article 22

The Author(s) 2020 ;Heritage Science is a copyright of Springer, (2020). All Rights Reserved. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;ISSN: 2050-7445 ;EISSN: 2050-7445 ;DOI: 10.1186/s40494-020-00366-3

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  • Title:
    Applying micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive characterization of coating and coating pigments on ancient Chinese papers
  • Author: Li, Tao ; Liu, Chuang ; Wang, Dongmei
  • Subjects: Bamboo ; Beeswax ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Coated paper ; Coating ; Coating pigment ; Computed tomography ; Handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer ; Kaolin ; Lead oxides ; Materials Science ; Micro-computed tomography ; Papermaking ; Pigments ; Pulp & paper industry ; Raman spectroscopy ; Red lead ; Research Article ; Spectrum analysis ; X ray fluorescence analysis
  • Is Part Of: Heritage science, 2020-02, Vol.8 (1), p.1-16, Article 22
  • Description: The coating technique, supposedly invented by Chinese papermakers no later than the 3rd century AD, greatly improved paper sheets’ qualities of color, texture, writability, and printability. Alongside the dispersal of papermaking and surface-treatment techniques beyond China, coated papers were manufactured and used in many other regions of the world. Understanding the manufacture of coated papers, therefore, is crucial for perceiving how surface treatments were developed to meet the need for paper with enhanced properties. However, the characterization of coating and coating pigments on ancient Chinese papers has long remained an unsolved issue, and previous studies on this topic have often produced inconclusive results. To explore a non-invasive methodology that can more reliably characterize coated papers and the coating pigment on them, this article presents the results of a pilot study that applied micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and Raman spectroscopy to samples of three Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 AD) papers and two handmade papers manufactured in China in the 1990s. Micro-CT revealed the coating layer(s) on Lajian (waxed coated paper) and Lengjinjian (gold-dusted paper) of the Qing Dynasty and characterized the modern raw xuan and bamboo papers as uncoated. Raman spectroscopy, together with handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis, identified the mineral-based pigment in the coating layer, suggesting the use of lead white or kaolin as the coating pigment. Additionally, Raman analysis confirmed the use of other mineral pigments (red lead and cinnabar), beeswax, and organic dyes (gamboge, kermesic acid, and possibly purpurin) in the manufacture of Lajian and Lengjinjian papers. The combination of micro-CT and Raman spectroscopy, it is therefore suggested, is a practical, more reliable approach for non-invasive investigation of coating and coating pigments on ancient Chinese paper specimens.
  • Publisher: Cham: Springer International Publishing
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 2050-7445
    EISSN: 2050-7445
    DOI: 10.1186/s40494-020-00366-3
  • Source: Springer Nature OA/Free Journals
    ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
    ProQuest Central
    DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
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