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Naturally p-Hydroxybenzoylated Lignins in Palms
Bioenergy research, 2015-09, Vol.8 (3), p.934-952
[Peer Reviewed Journal]
The Author(s) 2015 ;COPYRIGHT 2015 Springer ;Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 ;ISSN: 1939-1234 ;EISSN: 1939-1242 ;DOI: 10.1007/s12155-015-9583-4
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Title:
Naturally p-Hydroxybenzoylated Lignins in Palms
Author:
Lu, Fachuang
;
Karlen, Steven D
;
Regner, Matt
;
Kim, Hoon
;
Ralph, Sally A
;
Sun, Run-Cang
;
Kuroda, Ken-ichi
;
Augustin, Mary Ann
;
Mawson, Raymond
;
Sabarez, Henry
;
Singh, Tanoj
;
Jimenez-Monteon, Gerardo
;
Zakaria, Sarani
;
Hill, Stefan
;
Harris, Philip J
;
Boerjan, Wout
;
Wilkerson, Curtis G
;
Mansfield, Shawn D
;
Ralph, John
Subjects:
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
;
Acetates
;
Acids
;
Agriculture
;
Alternative energy sources
;
Arecaceae
;
Biochemistry
;
Bioenergetics
;
Biology
;
Biomass
;
Biomedical and Life Sciences
;
biorefining
;
breeding
;
By products
;
byproducts
;
Conjugates
;
derivatization
;
Elaeis guineensis
;
Feedstock
;
feedstocks
;
Forest products
;
Genetic engineering
;
Genetically modified organisms
;
Grasses
;
industry
;
Kenaf
;
Laboratories
;
Life Sciences
;
lignification
;
Lignin
;
Lignocellulose
;
NMR
;
Nuclear magnetic resonance
;
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
;
operating costs
;
Palm
;
Palm oil
;
Plant Breeding/Biotechnology
;
Plant Ecology
;
Plant Genetics and Genomics
;
Plant Sciences
;
Polymers
;
Poplar
;
Populus
;
Raw materials
;
Research centers
;
Salicaceae
;
Salix
;
saponification
;
streams
;
Studies
;
Transferases
;
Trees
;
value-added products
;
Vegetable oils
;
wastes
;
Wood Science & Technology
Is Part Of:
Bioenergy research, 2015-09, Vol.8 (3), p.934-952
Description:
The industrial production of palm oil concurrently generates a substantial amount of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers that could be used as a feedstock in a lignocellulose-based biorefinery. Lignin byproducts generated by this process may offer opportunities for the isolation of value-added products, such as p-hydroxybenzoate (pBz), to help offset operating costs. Analysis of the EFB lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy clearly revealed the presence of bound acetate and pBz, with saponification revealing that 1.1 wt% of the EFB was pBz; with a lignin content of 22.7 %, 4.8 % of the lignin is pBz that can be obtained as a pure component for use as a chemical feedstock. Analysis of EFB lignin by NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) showed that pBz selectively acylates the γ-hydroxyl group of S units. This selectivity suggests that pBz, analogously with acetate in kenaf, p-coumarate in grasses, and ferulate in a transgenic poplar augmented with a feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferase (FMT), is incorporated into the growing lignin chain via its γ-p-hydroxybenzoylated monolignol conjugate. Involvement of such conjugates in palm lignification is proven by the observation of novel p-hydroxybenzoylated non-resinol β–β-coupled units in the lignins. Together, the data implicate the existence of p-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA:monolignol transferases that are involved in lignification in the various willows (Salix spp.), poplars and aspen (Populus spp., family Salicaceae), and palms (family Arecaceae) that have p-hydroxybenzoylated lignins. Even without enhancing the levels by breeding or genetic engineering, current palm oil EFB ‘wastes’ should be able to generate a sizeable stream of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that offers opportunities for the development of value-added products derived from the oil palm industry.
Publisher:
New York: Springer US
Language:
English
Identifier:
ISSN: 1939-1234
EISSN: 1939-1242
DOI: 10.1007/s12155-015-9583-4
Source:
Springer Nature OA/Free Journals
ProQuest Central
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