skip to main content
Language:
Search Limited to: Search Limited to: Resource type Show Results with: Show Results with: Search type Index

A study on red lead degradation in a medieval manuscript Lorvão Apocalypse (1189)

Journal of Raman spectroscopy, 2009-12, Vol.40 (12), p.1966-1973 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ;ISSN: 0377-0486 ;EISSN: 1097-4555 ;DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2350

Full text available

Citations Cited by
  • Title:
    A study on red lead degradation in a medieval manuscript Lorvão Apocalypse (1189)
  • Author: Miguel, Catarina ; Claro, Ana ; Gonçalves, António Pereira ; Muralha, Vânia S. F. ; Melo, Maria João
  • Subjects: Color ; Colour ; Degradation ; Galena ; Illumination ; medieval manuscripts ; Microscopy ; Pigments ; raman microscopy ; Red lead ; red lead degradation ; X-ray diffraction
  • Is Part Of: Journal of Raman spectroscopy, 2009-12, Vol.40 (12), p.1966-1973
  • Description: The mechanisms of red lead degradation were studied in a medieval Portuguese codex, Lorvão Apocalypse (1189), by Raman microscopy (µ‐Raman) and micro‐X‐ray diffraction (µ‐XRD). The range of pigments found for the illuminations is mainly limited to vermilion, orpiment and red lead. Micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ‐FTIR) determined that the pigments were applied in a proteinaceous binding medium. In the red and orange colours, arsenic (As) was determined, by micro‐energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐EDXRF), to be ranging 1–4% (wt %). For those colours, lead white and calcium carbonate were found as fillers whereas orpiment was applied as a pure pigment. Raman microscopy identified, unequivocally, the degradation product of red lead as galena [lead (II) sulphide, PbS]. To determine the main factors affecting red lead degradation, a set of accelerating ageing experiments was designed to assess the influence of extenders and of the two other pigments, vermilion and orpiment. The experiments were followed by µ‐Raman, µ‐EDXRF and XRD. Raman microscopy results for the simulation of degradation of red lead, in the presence of orpiment, are in agreement to what was found in the Lorvão Apocalypse, galena being the main degradation product; also in common is a Raman band at ca. 810 cm−1, which was attributed to a lead arsenate compound. It was concluded that in Lorvão Apocalypse, the degradation of red lead was a result of its reaction with orpiment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The mechanisms of red lead degradation in a medieval Portuguese manuscript, Lorvão Apocalypse (1189), were studied by µ‐Raman and µ‐X‐ray diffraction, and identified unequivocally, galena (PbS) as the degradation product of red lead. The presence of orpiment and its influence on the degradation mechanism was assessed.
  • Publisher: Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 0377-0486
    EISSN: 1097-4555
    DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2350
  • Source: Alma/SFX Local Collection
Back to results list
INSPIRE LIBRARY - TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY (84-028) 37 755 057 Feedback
19 Nguyen Huu Tho St. Dist.7, HCM thuvien@tdtu.edu.vn

Copyright © 2017 INSPIRE LIBRARY - TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Searching Remote Databases, Please Wait