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Effective forewarning requires central route processing: Theoretical improvements on the counterargumentation hypothesis and practical implications for scam prevention

PloS one, 2020-03, Vol.15 (3), p.e0229833-e0229833 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science ;COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science ;2020 Daiku et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;2020 Daiku et al 2020 Daiku et al ;ISSN: 1932-6203 ;EISSN: 1932-6203 ;DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229833 ;PMID: 32134968

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  • Title:
    Effective forewarning requires central route processing: Theoretical improvements on the counterargumentation hypothesis and practical implications for scam prevention
  • Author: Daiku, Yasuhiro ; Kugihara, Naoki ; Teraguchi, Tsukasa ; Watamura, Eiichiro
  • Rabinowitz, Mitchell
  • Subjects: Advertising ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Consent ; Damage prevention ; Experiments ; False advertising ; Finance ; Financial misrepresentation ; Fraud ; Hypotheses ; People and Places ; Police ; Prevention ; Questionnaires ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Research methodology ; Researchers ; Setting (Literature) ; Social Sciences ; Studies ; Theory ; Victimization
  • Is Part Of: PloS one, 2020-03, Vol.15 (3), p.e0229833-e0229833
  • Description: Financial scams have caused tremendous financial damage globally. In Japan, the police forewarn people by equipping them with scam-prevention techniques or providing awareness regarding examples of previous scams; however, this does not appear to effectively prevent the damage, as many scam victims do not remember these warnings when faced with actual scam encounters. Considering that scammers often use appeal to emotion techniques, peripheral processing during scam attempts might disturb people's abilities to recall the warnings on scammers' modus operandi, thus leading to failed counter-arguing efforts. We verified this hypothesis in an experimental setting by asking 162 participants to remember given forewarnings and resist deceptive advertisements. The results showed that participants gave the advertisers' manipulative intent a higher rating only when they processed the advertisement through a central route, in addition to being forewarned. This means that forewarning had no effect when participants processed the advertisement through a peripheral route. Moreover, forewarning recollection levels mediated the effect of processing route on this rating, which suggests that remembering forewarnings is necessary to generate counterarguments. This result expands the theory on forewarning effects and explains why people are susceptible to scam victimization. Furthermore, it provides implications for scam prevention.
  • Publisher: United States: Public Library of Science
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 1932-6203
    EISSN: 1932-6203
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229833
    PMID: 32134968
  • Source: Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access
    GFMER Free Medical Journals
    PubMed Central
    ProQuest Central
    DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
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