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A Heart-Healthy Diet for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where Are We Now?

Vascular health and risk management, 2023-01, Vol.19, p.237-253 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

2023 Diab et al. ;COPYRIGHT 2023 Dove Medical Press Limited ;2023 Diab et al. 2023 Diab et al. ;ISSN: 1178-2048 ;ISSN: 1176-6344 ;EISSN: 1178-2048 ;DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S379874 ;PMID: 37113563

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  • Title:
    A Heart-Healthy Diet for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where Are We Now?
  • Author: Diab, Alaa ; Dastmalchi, L Nedda ; Gulati, Martha ; Michos, Erin D
  • Subjects: Beans ; cardiovascular disease ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control ; Diet ; Diet, Healthy ; disparities ; Fruit ; guidelines ; gut microbiome ; Humans ; Legumes ; Mimosaceae ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Prevention ; Requirements ; Review ; Type 2 diabetes ; Vegetables
  • Is Part Of: Vascular health and risk management, 2023-01, Vol.19, p.237-253
  • Description: The relationship between cardiovascular health and diet is evolving. Lifestyle modifications including diet changes are the primary approach in managing cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, understanding different diets and their impact on cardiovascular health is important in guiding primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Yet, there are many barriers and limitations to adopting a heart healthy diet. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and lean protein sources, with minimization/avoidance of processed foods, trans-fats, and sugar sweetened beverages, are recommended by prevention guidelines. The Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets have all proven cardioprotective in varying degrees and are endorsed by professional healthcare societies, while other emerging diets such as the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting require more long-term study. The effects of diet on the gut microbiome and on cardiovascular health have opened a new path for precision medicine to improve cardiometabolic risk factors. The effects of certain dietary metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide, on cardiometabolic risk factors, along with the changes in the gut microbiome diversity and gene pathways in relation to CVD management, are being explored. In this review, we provide a comprehensive up-to-date overview on established and emerging diets in cardiovascular health. We discuss the effectiveness of various diets and most importantly the approaches to nutritional counseling where traditional and non-traditional approaches are being practiced, helping patients adopt heart healthy diets. We address the limitations to adopting a heart healthy diet regarding food insecurity, poor access, and socioeconomic burden. Lastly, we discuss the need for a multidisciplinary team-based approach, including the role of a nutrition specialist, in implementing culturally-tailored dietary recommendations. Understanding the limitations and finding ways to overcome the barriers in implementing heart-healthy diets will take us miles in the path to CVD prevention and management.
  • Publisher: New Zealand: Dove Medical Press Limited
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 1178-2048
    ISSN: 1176-6344
    EISSN: 1178-2048
    DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S379874
    PMID: 37113563
  • Source: Geneva Foundation Free Medical Journals at publisher websites
    MEDLINE
    PubMed Central
    Directory of Open Access Journals
    ProQuest Central
    Dove Press Free
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