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Aspects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I related to neuroprotection, regeneration, and functional plasticity in the adult brain

TheScientificWorld, 2006-01, Vol.6, p.53-80 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Copyright © 2006 N. David ?berg et al. 2006 ;ISSN: 1537-744X ;ISSN: 2356-6140 ;EISSN: 1537-744X ;DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2006.22 ;PMID: 16432628

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  • Title:
    Aspects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I related to neuroprotection, regeneration, and functional plasticity in the adult brain
  • Author: Aberg, N David ; Brywe, Katarina Gustafson ; Isgaard, Jörgen
  • Subjects: Adult ; Brain ; Brain - physiology ; Growth Hormone ; Growth Hormone - metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism ; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES ; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP ; metabolism ; Nerve Regeneration ; Nerve Regeneration - physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neuronal Plasticity - physiology ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Neuroprotective Agents - metabolism ; physiology ; Review
  • Is Part Of: TheScientificWorld, 2006-01, Vol.6, p.53-80
  • Description: Apart from regulating somatic growth and metabolic processes, accumulating evidence suggests that the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis is involved in the regulation of brain growth, development, and myelination. In addition, both GH and IGF-I affect cognition and biochemistry in the adult brain. Some of the effects of GH are attributable to circulating IGF-I, while others may be due to IGF-I produced locally within the brain. Some of the shared effects in common to GH and IGF-I may also be explained by cross-talk between the GH and IGF-I transduction pathways, as indicated by recent data from other cell systems. Otherwise, it also seems that GH may act directly without involving IGF-I (either circulating or locally). Plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) may be viewed as changes in the functional interplay between the major cell types, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. GH and IGF-I affect all three of these cell types in several ways. Apart from the neuroprotective effects of GH and IGF-I posited in different experimental models of CNS injury, IGF-I has been found to increase progenitor cell proliferation and new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and blood vessels in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It appears that the MAPK signaling pathway is required for IGF-I-stimulated proliferation in vitro, whereas the PI3K/Akt or MAPK/Erk signaling pathway appears to mediate antiapoptotic effects. The increase of IGF-I on endothelial cell phenotype may explain the increase in cerebral arteriole density observed after GH treatment. The functional role of GH and IGF-I in the adult brain will be reviewed with reference to neurotransmitters, glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, gap junctional communication, dendritic arborization, exercise, enriched environment, depression, learning, memory, and aging. Briefly, these findings suggest that IGF-I functions as a putative regenerative agent in the adult CNS. Hitherto less studied regarding in these aspects, GH may have similar effects, especially as it is the main regulator of IGF-I in vivo. Some of the positive cognitive features of GH treatment are likely attributable to the mechanisms reviewed here.
  • Publisher: United States: TheScientificWorldJOURNAL
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 1537-744X
    ISSN: 2356-6140
    EISSN: 1537-744X
    DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2006.22
    PMID: 16432628
  • Source: GFMER Free Medical Journals
    MEDLINE
    Alma/SFX Local Collection
    ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
    DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
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