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DESCRIPTION AND NARRATION OF 14 ANATOLIAN CITIES IN THE 18th CENTURY/18. YUZYILDA 14 ANADOLU KENTININ BETIMLEMESI VE OYKULEMESI

Mimarlık Fakültesi dergisi, 2020-06, Vol.37 (1), p.1 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

COPYRIGHT 2020 Middle East Technical University ;ISSN: 0258-5316 ;DOI: 10.4305/METU.JFA.2020.1.8

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  • Title:
    DESCRIPTION AND NARRATION OF 14 ANATOLIAN CITIES IN THE 18th CENTURY/18. YUZYILDA 14 ANADOLU KENTININ BETIMLEMESI VE OYKULEMESI
  • Author: Akder, Feyza
  • Subjects: Architectural design ; History
  • Is Part Of: Mimarlık Fakültesi dergisi, 2020-06, Vol.37 (1), p.1
  • Description: Claude Aubriet was a French artist who worked in the Jardin du Roi. In 1699 French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort made Aubriet an offer of an expedition to the Levant. They were off to develop Tournefort's classification via discoveries of plants, and add new species to Jarden du Roi. Eventually, text and illustrations formed the travelogue Relation d'un Voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du Roy in 1717. Aubriet drew landscapes of 14 cities in Anatolia: Elegri Eregli, Sinope Sinop, Cerasonte Giresun, Tripoli Tirebolu, Trebisonte Trabzon, Erzeron Erzurum, Cars Kars, Coulhisar Koyulhisar, Tocat Tokat, Angora Ankara, Prusa Bursa, Magneise Manisa, Smyrna Izmir, and Scalanova Kusadasi. While Tournefort highlighted in his text what is exotic to his taste, Aubriet drew scientifically coherent landscapes. That is as if he followed a code where a typical city's main elements were listed. In this paper, I will discuss if Aubriet's compositions exemplify the utility of the transcultural model as landscape depiction? Aubriet's depiction reminds of 16th-century city-atlases of Georg Braun the cartographer (Civitates Orbis Terrarum). Aubriet, highlights the architecture and topographical elements. Thus, they exhibit a similar cartographic method with some European city depictions. Also, they are general views, portraying the city as a whole, as if it were one of the local people Tournefort narrated about. Aubriet's cities are supposed to illustrate the text however the compositions of the landscapes are different than the text. Are they a dual representation of the same land in the same book, by European scientist/artist/traveler? Did Tournefort represented early modern Anatolian cities by putting them in Oriental outlooks as such did Aubriet put them in European outlooks? So, do they point out a cultural encounter both with self and the other? Both Relation d'un Voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du Roy's text and illustrations were outcomes of an in-situ observation. The illustrations are a key element to the survey but they aren't examined, interpreted thoroughly until now. There is no satisfactory explanation of why the depiction is done in this specific manner; how this perception reflected the cities and why the depiction should be called European at all, except for the nationality of the artist. Yet, these rare depictions are very interesting and valuable both for the Turkish and European history of art. The first part of the paper points to the European features of the city views even though these are lands in the Levant. This paper compares the illustrations in Voyage du Levant to the Civitates Orbis Terrarium. This comparison leads to the literature covering 16th-century city depictions and Ptolemy's geography. The author of this paper has looked for an answer within these sources why Aubriet's method of depicting cities is "European". Tournefort was on the other hand, after the "other", "strange" and "novel" at the same time. Some parts of Tournefort's descriptions have the same features as the 19th century Orientalist discourse, but Tournefort's observations, the exotic features are not reflected in the illustrations. The second part of the paper is a brief catalog of the city views. The main idea is the comparison of the description styles of Tournefort and Aubriet. This diversity is intriguing because Aubriet and Tournefort were working together with each other and for the same establishment Jarden du Roi since 1690. The catalog helps to answer some of the questions asked in the beginning. Keywords: Travelogue; Joseph Pitton de Tournefort; Claude Aubriet; The Civitates; City-scapes. Claude Aubriet Jardin du Roi'de gorevli bir ressamdi. 1699 yilinda Fransiz Botanikci Jopseh Pitton de Tournefort Aubriet'ye Ege Adalari, Istanbul ve Anadolu'yu kapsayan bir kesif gezisinde cikmayi teklif etti. Gezinin amaci yeni bitkiler kesfederek Tournefort'nun bitki siniflandirma sistemlerini gelistirmek ve Jarden du Roi koleksiyonuna yeni bitkiler eklemekti. Geziden sonra metinler ve illustrasyonlar birlestirilerek, 1717 yilinda basilan Relation d'un Voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du Roy olusturuldu. Aubriet Anadolu'daki 14 kenti cizmistir: Elegri Eregli, Sinope Sinop, Cerasonte Giresun, Tripoli Tirebolu, Trebisonte Trabzon, Erzeron Erzurum, Cars Kars, Coulhisar Koyulhisar, Tocat Tokat, Angora Ankara, Prusa Bursa, Magneise Manisa, Smyrna Izmir, ve Scalanova Kusadasi. Tournefort metinde kendi icin egzotik olani one cikarirken, Aubriet birbirleri ile bilimsel olarak tutarli manzaralar resimledi. Aubriet sanki kentlerin ana parcalarinin siralandigi bir kurali takip ediyordu. Bu makalede Aubriet'nin kompozisyonlarinin kulturlerarasi bir model olarak manzarayi kullanip kullanmadigini tartisacagim. Aubriet'nin cizim bicimi kartograf Georg Braun'in 16. yuzyil kent atlaslarini (Civitates Orbis Terrarum) animsatmaktadir. Aubriet mimariyi ve topografik ogeleri one cikarir. Bu sekilde Avrupa kentlerinin resimlenme bicimlerine benzer kartografik bir yontem kullanir. Aubriet'nin cizimleri ayni zamanda genel gorunumlerdir, kenti bir butun olarak resmederler. Aubriet'nin kentlerinin aslinda metni illustre etmesi gerekir; ancak manzara cizimleri betimlemelerden farklidir. Bu iki betimleme ayni kitabin icinde iki farkli temsil bicimi mi olusturmaktadir? Tournefort Anadolu erken modern Anadolu kentlerini oryantalist bir cercevede, Aubriet ise Avrupali bir cercevede mi gordu? Dolayisiyla metin ve gorseller kendi ve oteki arasindaki kulturlerarasi bir karsilasmaya isaret eder mi? Relation d'un Voyage du Levant'in metni ve gorselleri sahada (in-situ) yapilan gozlemin sonucudur. Gorseller sahada cikarilan envanterin onemli bir parcasidir; ancak henuz detayli bir sekilde incelenip anlamlandirilmamislardir. Kent manzaralarinin bicimlendirilmesinin neden ozellikle bu sekilde yapildigina iliskin; ressamin algisinin kentleri nasil yansittigi ya da resimlendirmenin ressamin vatandasligi disinda neden Avrupa kokenli olarak adlandirilmasi gerektigi tartisilmamistir. Halbuki bu gorseller hem Turkiye hem de Avrupa resim sanati icin cok nadir dolayisiyla onemli orneklerdir. Makalenin birinci bolumu Aubriet'nin Anadolu'da yer alan mekanlari cizmesine ragmen, Avrupa kent manzaralari ile iliskilenen ozelliklerini ortaya koymaya calisir. Bu makalede Voyage du Levant icinde yer alan kent manzaralari Civitates Orbis Terrarium kentleri ile karsilastirilmistir. Bu karsilastirma 16. yuzyil'da kent resimlerinin nasil yapildigi ve Ptolemy'nin cografya kavramlari uzerinden yapilmistir. Makalenin yazari bu caba ile Aubriet'nin yaptigi Anadolu kent manzaralarindaki Avrupali ozellikleri ortaya cikarmaya calismistir. Bir taraftan Tournefort'nun kent betimlemeleri "oteki", "tuhaf" ve "degisiktir Tournefort'nun betimlemelerinin bir kismi 19. yuzyil oryantalizm tartismalari ile ortak ozellikler tasir. Ancak Tournefort'nun bu tarz betimlemeleri gorsellerde ortaya cikmaz. Makalenin ikinci kismi Anadolu kent manzaralarina iliskin kisa bir katalog bicimde yazilmistir. Bu kisimda ortaya cikarilmak istenilen, Aubriet ve Tournefort'nun cizim ve metini arasindaki farklari ortaya cikabilmektir. Bu farklilik dikkat cekicidir cunku Aubriet ve Tournefort 1690 yilindan itibaren Jarden du Roi'de beraber calismislardir. Katalog ile baslangicta bicimlendirme ile ilgili sordugumuz sorulara da bazi cevaplar bulunabilmistir. Anahtar Sozcukler: Seyahatname, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Claude Aubriet, Civitates, Kent manzaralari.
  • Publisher: Middle East Technical University
  • Language: Turkish
  • Identifier: ISSN: 0258-5316
    DOI: 10.4305/METU.JFA.2020.1.8
  • Source: Alma/SFX Local Collection
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