skip to main content
Language:
Search Limited to: Search Limited to: Resource type Show Results with: Show Results with: Search type Index

Confounding by Indication, Confounding Variables, Covariates, and Independent Variables: Knowing What These Terms Mean and When to Use Which Term

Indian journal of psychological medicine, 2024-01, Vol.46 (1), p.78-80 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

2024 The Author(s) ;2024 The Author(s). ;2024. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage ). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. ;ISSN: 0253-7176 ;EISSN: 0975-1564 ;DOI: 10.1177/02537176241227586 ;PMID: 38524951

Full text available

Citations Cited by
  • Title:
    Confounding by Indication, Confounding Variables, Covariates, and Independent Variables: Knowing What These Terms Mean and When to Use Which Term
  • Author: Andrade, Chittaranjan
  • Subjects: Confounding (Statistics) ; Independent variables
  • Is Part Of: Indian journal of psychological medicine, 2024-01, Vol.46 (1), p.78-80
  • Description: The terms independent variables, covariates, confounding variables, and confounding by indication are often imprecisely used in the context of regression. Independent variables are the full set of variables whose influence on the outcome is studied. Covariates are the independent variables that are included not because they are of interest but because their influence on the outcome can be adjusted for, leaving a more precise understanding of how the single remaining independent variable influences the outcome. Confounding variables are variables that are associated with both independent variables and outcomes; so, the relationship identified between independent variables and outcomes may be due to the confounding variable rather than to the independent variable. Potential confounders should be identified, measured, and adjusted for in regression, just as other covariates are. Confounding by indication occurs when the presence of the independent variable is driven by the confounding variable. Confounding by indication is a special kind of confounding; a confounding variable is a special kind of covariate; and a covariate is a special kind of independent variable in regression analysis. These terms and concepts are explained with the help of examples.
  • Publisher: New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications
  • Language: English
  • Identifier: ISSN: 0253-7176
    EISSN: 0975-1564
    DOI: 10.1177/02537176241227586
    PMID: 38524951
  • Source: SAGE Open Access Journals
    GFMER Free Medical Journals
    PubMed Central
    DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
Back to results list
INSPIRE LIBRARY - TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY (84-028) 37 755 057 Feedback
19 Nguyen Huu Tho St. Dist.7, HCM thuvien@tdtu.edu.vn

Copyright © 2017 INSPIRE LIBRARY - TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

Searching Remote Databases, Please Wait