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Update on Fundamental Mechanisms of Thyroid Cancer

Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne), 2020-03, Vol.11, p.102-102 [Peer Reviewed Journal]

Copyright © 2020 Prete, Borges de Souza, Censi, Muzza, Nucci and Sponziello. ;COPYRIGHT 2020 Frontiers Research Foundation ;Copyright © 2020 Prete, Borges de Souza, Censi, Muzza, Nucci and Sponziello. 2020 Prete, Borges de Souza, Censi, Muzza, Nucci and Sponziello ;ISSN: 1664-2392 ;EISSN: 1664-2392 ;DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00102 ;PMID: 32231639

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Title:
Update on Fundamental Mechanisms of Thyroid Cancer
Author: Prete, Alessandro ; Borges de Souza, Patricia ; Censi, Simona ; Muzza, Marina ; Nucci, Nicole ; Sponziello, Marialuisa
Subjects: BRAF ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine - diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine - epidemiology ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine - etiology ; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine - therapy ; Diagnosis ; Endocrinology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mutation ; oncogenes ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf - genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret - genetics ; RAS ; RET ; Thyroid cancer ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary - diagnosis ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary - epidemiology ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary - etiology ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary - therapy ; Thyroid Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Thyroid Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms - etiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms - therapy ; Thyroid Nodule - diagnosis ; Thyroid Nodule - epidemiology ; Thyroid Nodule - genetics ; Thyroid Nodule - therapy ; Tumor Microenvironment - genetics ; Tumor Microenvironment - physiology
Is Part Of: Frontiers in endocrinology (Lausanne), 2020-03, Vol.11, p.102-102
Description: The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has increased worldwide over the past four decades. TC is divided into three main histological types: differentiated (papillary and follicular TC), undifferentiated (poorly differentiated and anaplastic TC), and medullary TC, arising from TC cells. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms associated to the pathogenesis of different types of TC and their clinical relevance. In the last years, progresses in the genetic characterization of TC have provided molecular markers for diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment targets. Recently, papillary TC, the most frequent form of TC, has been reclassified into two molecular subtypes, named -like and -like, associated to a different range of cancer risks. Similarly, the genetic characterization of follicular TC has been proposed to complement the new histopathological classification in order to estimate the prognosis. New analyses characterized a comprehensive molecular profile of medullary TC, raising the role of mutations. More recent evidences suggested that immune microenvironment associated to TC may play a critical role in tumor invasion, with potential immunotherapeutic implications in advanced and metastatic TC. Several types of ancillary approaches have been developed to improve the diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration biopsies in indeterminate thyroid nodules. Finally, liquid biopsy, as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for body fluid genotyping, brings a new prospective of disease and therapy monitoring. Despite all these novelties, much work remains to be done to fully understand the pathogenesis and biological behaviors of the different types of TC and to transfer this knowledge in clinical practice.
Publisher: Switzerland: Frontiers Research Foundation
Language: English
Identifier: ISSN: 1664-2392
EISSN: 1664-2392
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00102
PMID: 32231639
Source: Geneva Foundation Free Medical Journals
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Update on Fundamental Mechanisms of Thyroid Cancer

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